Who are we and who are they? Historical transformations of violence in the human-animal relationship represented in artistic expressions

This study investigates the course of the transformations of violence present in the human-animal relationship in multiple periods of time, using artistic expressions to contribute to this theme. The study uses a multidisciplinary approach from the fields of Arts, History, and Philosophy seeking contributions to the literature on marketing and consumer behavior. Visual critical analysis is the methodology used to analyze six works of art from different historical periods and to understand the human-animal relationship over time. Findings suggest that forms of violence are present in the transforming human-animal relationship. The research challenges the marketing domain of the discussion about this relationship, limited to positive experiences with companion animals;it brings interpretations of the ways of violence in the human- animal relationship over time to understand the meanings and practices of the present;adds elements aimed at discussions and reflections necessary for researchers and marketing professionals, on the human-animal relationship and violence.Alternate :Este estudo investiga o percurso das transformações da violência presente na relação homem-animal, em múltiplos períodos do tempo, recorrendo a expressões artísticas, de forma a trazer contribuições para esta temática. O estudo utiliza uma abordagem multidisciplinar dos campos das Artes, História e Filosofia buscando contribuições à literatura de marketing e comportamento do consumidor. A análise crítica visual é a metodologia utilizada na análise de seis obras de artes de diferentes períodos históricos e compreensão da relação homem-animal no tempo. Os achados sugerem formas de violência que estão presentes nessa relação e se transformam. A pesquisa desafia o domínio da discussão sobre a relação homem-animal no campo do marketing, circunscrita a experiências positivas com animais de companhia;traz interpretações dos caminhos da violência na relação homem-animal ao longo do tempo para melhor compreender significados e práticas do presente;adiciona elementos visando discussões e reflexões, necessárias a pesquisadores e profissionais de marketing, sobre a relação homem-animal e violência.Alternate :Este estudio investiga el curso de las transformaciones de la violencia presente en la relación humano-animal, en múltiples períodos del tiempo, utilizando expresiones artísticas, con el fin de traer contribuciones a esta temática. El estudio utiliza un enfoque multidisciplinario de los campos de las Artes, la Historia y la Filosofía en busca de contribuciones a la literatura sobre marketing y comportamiento del consumidor. El análisis crítico visual es la metodología utilizada para analizar seis obras de arte de diferentes períodos históricos y comprender la relación humano-animal a lo largo del tiempo. Los hallazgos sugieren formas de violencia que están presentes en esta relación y se transforman. La investigación desafía el dominio de la discusión sobre la relación humano-animal en el campo del marketing, limitada a experiencias positivas con animales de compañía;trae interpretaciones de las formas de violencia en la relación humano-animal a lo largo del tiempo para comprender mejor los significados y prácticas del presente;añade elementos destinados a discusiones y reflexiones, necesarias para investigadores y profesionales del marketing, sobre la relación humano-animal y la violencia.

The ABO blood group locus and a chromosome 3 gene cluster associate with SARS-CoV-2 respiratory failure in an Italian-Spanish genome-wide association analysis (preprint)

Background. Respiratory failure is a key feature of severe Covid-19 and a critical driver of mortality, but for reasons poorly defined affects less than 10% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Methods. We included 1,980 patients with Covid-19 respiratory failure at seven centers in the Italian and Spanish epicenters of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Europe (Milan, Monza, Madrid, San Sebastian and Barcelona) for a genome-wide association analysis. After quality control and exclusion of population outliers, 835 patients and 1,255 population-derived controls from Italy, and 775 patients and 950 controls from Spain were included in the final analysis. In total we analyzed 8,582,968 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and conducted a meta-analysis of both case-control panels. Results. We detected cross-replicating associations with rs11385942 at chromosome 3p21.31 and rs657152 at 9q34, which were genome-wide significant (P<5x10-8) in the meta-analysis of both study panels, odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48 to 2.11; P=1.14x10-10 and OR 1.32 (95% CI, 1.20 to 1.47; P=4.95x10-8), respectively. Among six genes at 3p21.31, SLC6A20 encodes a known interaction partner with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The association signal at 9q34 was located at the ABO blood group locus and a blood-group-specific analysis showed higher risk for A-positive individuals (OR=1.45, 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.75, P=1.48x10-4) and a protective effect for blood group O (OR=0.65, 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.79, P=1.06x10-5). Conclusions. We herein report the first robust genetic susceptibility loci for the development of respiratory failure in Covid-19. Identified variants may help guide targeted exploration of severe Covid-19 pathophysiology.